Tuesday, December 29, 2015

Jojo vs Earthquakes (Part 4)


Let's continue our overview of our planet's inside.

In Jojo vs Earthquake (Part 3) I listed the four big layers composing Earth. In that part I also covered the Crust Layer. Today, going deeper and below the Crust, we meet the Mantle. 


THE MANTLE LAYER

The Mantle is the biggest part of our planet with its 2,900 Km (1,802 Miles) thickness, it represent 84% of the whole volume of the planet, and 64% of its entire mass. It is there that usually the big activity is going on : Convection current and Magma formation, as well as contribution to mountain formation (orogeny). 

The Crust itself, the part on which we live, is at the receiving end of that action resulting in earthquakes, volcanic activity, seafloor spreading, continental drift, and Plate Tectonic. 

The Mantle is also particularly hot, and the deeper you go, the hotter it gets. For instance, near the boundary between the Crust and the Mantle it is 1000°C (1832°F), on the other end, near the Mantle and Upper Core boundary, the temperature reaches 3700°C (6692°F).

Although it is considered, in simple general term, as one big solid layer, it is a misconception. Scientist have divided it in four different zones, each with really different qualities - Upper Mantle, Transition Zone, Lower Mantle, D'' 


Upper Mantle
That first zone, around 410 Km (255 Miles) thick, extend from the Crust to the Transition Zone. Mainly solid, it contains more fluid part (for instance, rock in thick liquid form like Lava) at the level of the asthenosphere (the part of the Mantle which is between the Crust and the Mantle).

Transition Zone
The second zone of the Mantle is around 250 kilometers thick (between 410Km and 660Km beneath Earth's Surface). In that zone, the rocks transforms and their crystalline structure changes radically. The rocks, although submitted to high pressure and heat, does not melt or disintegrate but they get way more dense.


Lower Mantle 
The third zone is called, simply enough, the Lower Mantle. Around 2,050 Km thick, it extend from 660km to around 2,700Km beneath Earth's Surface. That zone is hotter and denser than the two preceding zones. The Lower Mantle zone is still subject to a lot of debate and research.

D'' (D prime prime)
Finally, we arrive at the last and fourth zone of the Mantle called D'' (D double prime), a fancy name for another Transition Zone. I know it's a strange name, but they like it like that. That zone extend from 2,700Km to 2,900Km beneath the Earth's Surface (around 200Km thick). 

Because of its complexity D'', like the Lower Mantle zone, is still subject to debate and research.




Here we are, deep in the Earth, just at the boundary with the super hot Upper Core (they even gave a name to that boundary - the Gutenberg Discontinuity). So, next time we will jump into hot liquid nickel-iron toward the last layer of our dear planet.

Mabuhay!

Geophysic Blog

To Learn More

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Thursday, December 24, 2015

Prepare Yourself - Shelter, Water and Food


In Prepare Yourself, Know the Basics! I touched superficially on different things to prepare to face any potential disaster.

Remember that, as a country, the Philippines sits right upon the Pacific Ring of Fire the most seismically active part of the world. Beside the Earthquakes, the Philippines knows some really active Volcanic area, is a country straight in the path of the West-Pacific Typhoon activity, prone to flooding, prone to landslide... And I only speak here about Potential Natural Disasters, not even the Human one.

Let's make a small historical list here of really big events to show how much prone to Natural Disaster the Philippines are. This list is just there to demonstrate a point about the potential hazards everyone living in the Philippines as to take into count (fill in the gap, since nearly every year there is some disasters in the Philippines). 


In every, I insist, in EVERY cases people were not prepared to face it. Why so? Do you find normal that between a disaster like Mount Pinatubo Eruption in 1991 and Super-Typhoon Yolanda in 2013 people still did not learn to be prepared for those things? After each disaster we witness the same pattern : Starvation & Looting. Do you know that you can prevent that for you and your family? 

Yes, you can, through a lesson that in more than 20 years, people still did not learn : BE PREPARED!

True, you can't prevent an Earthquake to happen, you can't prevent a Volcano to erupt and you can't prevent a Typhoon to strike. But, in our case, prevention is not about preventing a natural disaster to happen, it is about giving ourselves the mean to survive the disaster, and to go through with as less damage as possible for us and the one we love.

In this post I will make an overview of the three main items to always keep in mind in any potential disasters natural or man-made is these big three items - Shelter, Water, and Food. 




SHELTER

It could appear a strange thing that shelter is seen as more important than water. And as far as I know this is the order you will find on any Emergency Survival website. Well, in many ways it make sense. 

First the notion of shelter is to be taken in its general sense, more like a protection from outside elements. Those elements could be natural or human. In a state of emergency you need to be shielded from external danger. 
-  If there was a Typhoon going on, you would need to be protected from debris flying around.
-  If there was a looting going on you would have to protect your belongings (and all the Survival Food and Water you saved).
-  If it was a Drought going on you would have to protect your water supply and have some shadows to keep yourself from the Sun.

But, for sure, in every Emergency situation, you would need to protect the most important for you - your life, and the life of those you care of. So sheltering is extremely important and should be placed first in Emergency Preparation.


WATER

Beside the air you inhale, water is the most essential of all the things we need in life. Pretty simple, without water there is no human life possible on this planet. It is said that three days without water and you are dead. It is an average, but which hold true. 

The human body absolutely need water to work. The human body is made up of around 80% water, all the bodily function needs that water to support themselves, and that water balance in our body must be kept for the body to work correctly, if it doesn't the body has to take the water where it is, in itself. And that's the beginning of water depletion in your own body : dehydration.

It is advised to always have at minimum three days of water supply at hand in any situation. But two weeks is generally what survivalist will counsel to have because in the case of a disaster you can not rely on Emergency Services to reach you right away (What happened during Super-Typhoon Hayian/Yolanda is a perfect example of that).

Yet, be careful to take into account each individual you purpose to protect through preparation. The quantity of water which is advised is around 4 liters (1 gallon) per day per person. (and don't forget your pets if you have some). This is a minimum needed to stay in good condition... as far as water goes. 

But now, to really keep yourself in good condition you need to add something more to your body than just water, you need food.


FOOD

Although this item is listed as the last one, it remain an important one.
Most of our energy comes from what we eat, be vegetables or meat we need them in our diet.

But in a Disaster situation that food we need so much could not be available for days. Again Typhoon Yolanda is a reminder of the extreme situation people could face. Without food, and out of desperation, people resort to looting and rioting... and even killing. 

One of the primal instinct of human beings is to survive, and for that people are ready to go to extreme they would never go to in normal situation. And that's the point, a disaster is, by definition, an abnormal situation, a glitch in the usual way things are going. Being prepared and ready for it is the wisest thing to do.

You should always have some food storage, and preferably things which doesn't spoil easily. This is true for every country, but especially in a hot and wet country like the Philippines. Remember, in case of a disaster chances are that there will be no electricity for a long time, and no electricity means no fridge working. So, in you Emergency Storage avoid things like fresh veggies, fresh fish and meat.
and go for can food and dry food.


Well, here we are. At the end of this post. Those three things mentioned above are what you always have to use as a foundation for your own welfare. You can't go far without food and water, and without a shelter you have no protection at all. 

Keep in mind, disaster is not just for your neighbor or some far away land. Nature doesn't know any frontiers or boundaries, an Earthquake, a Typhoon, or any other Natural Hazards will not stop and present its passport before entering the country. It will just go through whether we like it or not. 

The question is are you ready for the eventuality? PREPARE YOURSELF !

Mabuhay!

Useful Links
Basic Survival Skills
Awareness and Preparadness  Materials
Your Emergency Preparedness Guide

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